





„0* ^- * 



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^^X-^^.S^Z^K-: 



^ 






***** *\^ V\. 

•^va v>* /jtf^ ^** .**«* 





4? ^ 








»P** 







.0' V^'V 




•W 



•I* 

4,* 4 ^V»* % 






o 





* aV 

















•* ^ 



^/ ** V \ • 



-T* A 




V\ • 1 V- c> 



^ *#,!* $ 



<,s 'O ♦ » * ,0 




^ **•«»* .A 



^ ..*'•. ^< 














■^o* 






«u*' 



d<2. 



2fj &°+ *. 




<, '<..»* .(> 



^0* 



o <&* ^ * sua * ^ <*? ^va.' x&k .<# 















> JP**ittk%> ^.^^>o /\^/" 









• o > • i 



v v *^\y 



VL% *> v> »!••- "«> 
















.^V 



SOME ELEMENTS 



OF 



EBREW GRAMMAR. 



BY THE 



Rev. RANDALL C. HALL, D.D., 

Professor of Hebrew in the General Theological Seminary. 



SECOND EDITION. 



cci 



No.. //*S 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 

FOR THE USE OF HIS CLASSES 

New York. 1882. 









Copyright 
By RANDALL C. HALL, 

1882. 



SYLLABLES. 

1. Every syllable must begin with a consonant, except 
when a word begins with }. 

It may end — 

(a) With a consonant. Such a syllable is called 
mixed or closed. 

(b) With a vowel. Such a syllable is called pure, or 
open, or simple. 

2. A syllable is called " intermediate " when it is inter- 
mediate between a pure and a mixed syllable, 

[with a consonant, frequently a guttural, which 
tends to complete the syllable and to begin another — 
e. g., the first syllable in nj?il , vBp (fern, of "$CDp), 

"iDlP >*1D1P Intermediate syllables thus wavering 

-|- -t:it 
between the natures of pure and mixed, some look like 

pure syllables, others like mixed, and in some cases 
grammarians disagree as to what class they belong. 
The nature of the syllable depends somewhat on the 
development of the word to which it belongs — e. g., in 
the kal impv. ,/^p the £3 is joined to 7 in forming a 
syllable. The addition of the fern, terminat. 1 breaks 
up the mixed syllable, and removes its vowel — thus, 
"'/COp The J3 then tends to join.p in forming a syl- 
lable 1 7^Dp (for the khirik see § 35); but it tends also 
to retain its old union with ^ in forming a syllable, as 



is shown by the vocal sh'va under it. The vocal sh'va 
thus echoes the dropped vowel. 

Hence, conversely, the analysis of a word is often 
aided by knowing the nature of a syllable, and thus its 

etymology is determined — e. g., if Q3^^ (Hos. 7, 6) 

t : t 
were an infinitive, the first syllable would be inter- 
mediate, which it cannot be, as proved by the daghesh 
in 2] 

3. A " defective addition " is an affix or suffix which in 
itself is neither a pure nor a mixed syllable, though it 
may be longer than mixed or shorter than simple — e. g. , 
D' D 9 \ % D" 1 ? 7P Caution: this definition evi- 
dently excludes such endings as 1} , for i J is the suf- 
fix, and it excludes Qpp for Qpj is the suffix. It 
includes, however, such as 7P > f° r 7P without the 

preceding "a" sound is never found, and, therefore, 
practically Tp is regarded as the suffix, and, there- 
fore, as the addition. 



TO^E OE ACCENT. 



4. When the tone is on the ultimate, a word is called 
milra (from below); when on the penult, it is called 
milel (from above). 

(a) The tone is never further back than the penult 
— i. e., two syllables. 

(b) Vocal sh'va counts half a syllable. [Hence, a 
sh'va after the tone is usually silent. But in cases of 
j-| local and when a conjunctive recedes before a dis- 



junctive, the tone may pass over a vowel sh'va — i. e., 
be two and a half syllables back.] 

(c) The tone is called recessive when it is as far back 
as rnles permit. This position is called the tone limit. 

§ 5. No tone is on 

(a) A letter with sh'va simple or compound. 

(b) The helping vowel of a segholate. 

(c) j-| paragogic of nouns. Other things being equal, 
the tone usually avoids a paragogic vowel. 

§ 6. The accent, if over a word, is usually on the first letter 
of the tone syllable; if under, it is usually at the left 
of the vowel of the tone syllable, as is also metheg. In 
this manual the tone is marked over the word by an 
oblique stroke that it may not be confounded with 
metheg. 

General Rules of Position. 

§ 7. A long vowel cannot stand in a mixed syllable, nor a 
short vowel in a pure syllable without tone, or, as in 
some cases, methegh. 

[(a) If, therefore, in developing a word a long vowel 
is left beyond the tone limit in a mixed syllable, it 
must be shortened; or, if a short vowel is left in a 
pure syllable beyond the tone limit, it must be length- 
ened, or else daghesh forte must be inserted in the fol- 
lowing consonant to preserve the vowel shor Whence, 
called daghesh forte conservative. (1) A change of 
quantity often involves a change of quality, more par- 
ticularly in the case of the last four vowels — e and i, 
o and u. 

(b) The tone has a tendency to lengthen the short 
vowel of a pure syllable.] 



§ 8. Words in their uninnected state usually take tone on 
the ultimate. 

Methegh. 

§ 9. A simple syllable takes methegh — 
(a) When followed by a sh'va. 
[(b) When in the second syllable before the tone or 
methegh. 

(c) Methegh is also given to an intermediate syllable, 
if the second syllable before the tone, or if followed by 
a compound sh'va, or by a vowel which has arisen from 
a compound sh'va.] 

(d) Methegh is sometimes given to mixed and inter- 
mediate syllables without apparent explanation. 

§ 10. We see, therefore, that such a word as ka-t'lah must 

take methegh, thus — H/COD- But kot'lah or even 

t : |it 
kotlah, having the same vowel signs, might take me- 
thegh, though as a matter of fact this would be unusual. 

Hence, in such a form as f-pGDP ^ ne absence of methegh 

t : It 
proves the first syllable either mixed or intermediate 

[for, if simple, being followed by sh'va, it would take 

methegh by § 9 (a)], and, therefore, kamets short by 

§28. 

But the presence of metheg would not prove the first 

syllable pure or kamets long, though there would be a 

strong presumption in favor of these inferences. In 

such a case, the only sure guide is the development of 

the word. 

§11. In like manner, we see that in such form as IfcO* 
("they shall see") the absence of metheg proves the 



first syllable either mixed or intermediate [for, if pure, 
being followed by a sh'va, it would take metheghby§9 
(a)], and, therefore, khirik short by § 28. On the 

other hand, in ^T we should have reason to suspect 

li- 
the first syllable to be pure, and, therefore, the mean- 
ing to be "they shall fear." In like manner are dis- 
tinguished fiyffi " they shall repeat " and ,)$ffl "they 
shall sleep." 

Position of Tone on Veebs. 

§ 12. The vowel of the second radical takes the tone when 
rules permit. (This rule is included in § 8.) 

§ 13. In the preterite 1st and 2d masculine singular with 
vav conversive, the tone is on the ultimate (to distin- 
guish from the same persons and tense with vav con- 
junctive), except sometimes when the penult is pure. 

§ 14. The future 2d and 3d singular with vav conversive 
takes tone on the penult, if the penult is pure and the 
ultimate mixed. 

Remark. — §§ 13 and 14 often fail to affect a pause 
accent. 

§ 15. Some apocopated futures being properly segholates, 
follow the rule for segholates. See § 5 (b). 

Suffixes and Affixes. 

§16. Affixes and suffixes are fragments of pronouns added 
to the end of words. 

The affixes make up the personal inflections of verbs 
and the terminations of gender and number in nouns 



8 

and verbs. The suffixes have retained even in Hebrew 
more of their identity and independence, but in Latin 

and Greek are expressed by separate words. In "^ J^G^ft 

the ) is an affix and the ^J a suffix. In ,iJHD}D 1 is a 

T 

suffix and p an affix. 

T 

17. Participles, infinitives, adjectives, and prepositions are 
accented as nouns. 

18. A defective addition to a noun takes tone on its first 
letter. 



§ 19. A defective addition to a 

(a) If affix, does not directly affect the tone. 

(b) If suffix, draws the tone forward one syllable. 

§20. The addition of a pure syllable requires recessive tone. 

§ 21. The addition of a mixed syllable takes tone on itself. 

§ 22. In pause there is a tendency to shift the tone from the 
ultimate to the penult. 

§ 23. The shifting of the tone towards the end of a word 
tends to the shortening and dropping of vowels at the 
beginning. 

§ 24. A pause accent changes a sh'va into seghol. 

§ 25. A conjunctive accent joins the word on which it stands 
more or less closely to what follows. A disjunctive sep- 
arates it more or less from what follows. 

Daghesh Lene. 

§ 26. B'ghadh c'phath letters take daghesh lene when not 
preceded by a vowel sound in close connection. (Final 



ca, cem, aud cen never take daghesli lene. Hence, a 
preceding sh'va is vocal.) 

Raphe and Mappik. 

§27. Daghesh forte, daghesh lene, and mappik have a com- 
mon design — viz., to indicate the strong sound of a 
letter. Mappik shows that it is a consonant, and not 
a quiescent. 

Raphe (weak or soft) is the opposite of them all, and 
indicates the absence of daghesh forte, daghesh lene, 
or mappik, as the case may be. 

Vowels. 

§ 28. The vowels i and u and the sign T (kamets) are short 
in unaccented, mixed, or in intermediate syllables. 
Otherwise they are long. 

These are called doubtful vowels. 

(a) A defective khirik is frequently long, but a full 
one is rarely short. 

j§ 29. To determine the length of the doubtful vowel in 

such a form as VpOj5- Here ifc is short because in an 

: It 
unaccented, mixed, or intermediate syllable. We know 

that the syllable is either mixed or intermediate, for if 

pure, it would take methegh by § 9 (a). 

§ 30. The sign 7 (kamets), if followed by a short " o" sound 
(either T or t ), is itself also very likely to be short 
" o," and must be, if sympathetic. 

(a) A vowel which conforms with another or with 
which another conforms is called " sympathetic V in 

[ this manual. 



10 

§ 31. The pure vowels are 

The diphthongal vowels are ^e« 
This diagram means that e is formed by combining 
a and i; o is formed by combining a and u. 

(a) A change of quantity often involves a change of 
quality, more particularly in the case of the last four 
vowels — e and i, o and u. 

(b) In accented syllables, before a doubled conso- 
nant or before two consonants, diphthongal are pre- 
ferred to the pure vowels i and u. 

(c) In unaccented syllables before a doubled conso- 
nant, the pure vowels i and u are preferred to the 
diphthongal e and o. 

§32. The guttural, being closely akin to the "a" sound, 
has a strong preference for this vowel, especially before 
it (the guttural). 

§ 33. A final vowelless guttural not preceded by an ( ' a " 
sound takes pattahh furtive (also a vowelless guttural 
followed by a final vowelless consonant takes pattahh 
furtive). 

§ 34. A guttural, especially if unaccented, between two " a " 
sounds, will often cause one of them, more frequently 
the former, to become seghol (in order to give dis- 
tinctness to the enunciation of the guttural). 

(a) Before j"| and U (a) unaccented and before H (a) 

T T T 

and H the article is pointed with seghol. 
t: 

§35. When two vocal sh'vas come together, for the first a 
short vowel is substituted. 

1. If (a) both be simple [or (b) the first an unsym- 
pathetic compound sh'va], i is substituted [(c), unless 
a reason exists for preferring a, or e, or o]. 



11 

[2. If the second be a compound sh'va, the previous 
syllable conforms, i. e., takes the homogeneous vowel. 

3. If the first be (a) a characteristic or (b) a sympa- 
thetic compound sh'va, the khateph is suppressed (e. 
g. , - : becomes - ). 

Examples.— Of 1 (a): *>^E?p becomes ^CQD >*HEQ 
becomes *H£2 

Of 1 (Z>): '"HPS becomes 'HQJJ 

Of 1 (c): ^jjfo becomes "O^Q, because pattahh 

was its primitive vowel; also C0J?nn becomes COjJftH* 

because the " a " sound characterizes j-| interrogative. 
See 3 (a) of the above rule. 

Of 2: *iftjp becomes 1DJP . 

Of 3 (a): bypn becomes ©ypH- 

Of 3 (5): 'HDJffi becomes 'Hbjtt ! t '^fiN becomes 

Nouns. 

36. Before the plural terminations Q") # and J% and some- 
times before the dual Q^ , segholates take pretonic 

kamets and drop their first vowel. 

37. Segholates revert to their primitive form — 

(a) in the singular before all suffixes; 

(b) before the termination p| T ; 

(c) in the construct plural and dual; 

(d) generally in the absolute dual. 

Eemark 1. — This rule takes precedence when con- 
flicting with other rules, except § 40. 



12 

[Remark 2. — (c) is used in the application of § 35, 1, 
the construct of the plural and sometimes of the dual, 
being formed from the absolute by applying § 40 (#).] 

\ 38. Before the plural and dual terminations and before the 
feminine termination pj T the following changes take 
place — 

(a) In the ultimate, tsere is rejected, except in a 
monosyllable, or in a syllable preceded by kamets. 

(b) In the penult, kamets and tsere are rejected, 
unless in the resulting form they remain pretonic. 

Remark 1. — Before the dual termination the femi- 
nine singular reverts to its primitive termination J") 
In all other cases, the above terminations are added to 
the absolute singular masculine, which is assumed, if 
necessary. 

2. — By the ultimate and penult in the above rule 
are, of course, meant the ultimate and penult of the 
noun before the addition in question is made. 

j 39. The ending J-J v of nouns is dropped before affixes and 
suffixes. 

(Remark. — This rule takes precedence when conflict- 
ing with other rules.) 

Construct State. 

40. The construct state of each number is formed from 
its respective absolute. 

(a) In a mixed final syllable kamets is shortened to 
pattahh, and so is tsere if preceded by kamets. 

(b) Kamets and tsere before the tone are rejected. 
Remark. — Sh'va is vocal in the construct, plural, and 

dual when arising from dropping a pretonic vowel. 



13 

§41. Medial *| frequently quiesces in cholem, and medial ") 
in tsere in the construct and before the plural and dual 
terminations. 

Before Suffixes. 

§ 42. Before the grave suffixes (cem, cen, hem, and hen) all 
nouns take construct state. 

§43. Before light suffixes, feminine nouns, singular and plu- 
ral, take construct state. 

§ 44. Before light suffixes, masculine nouns, singular and 
plural, take the same form as before the absolute plu- 
ral termination. 

§ 45. Before light suffixes, dual nouns take the same form 
as before the absolute dual termination. 

Kemark. — In applying §§ 42-45, a noun is treated 
as masculine unless it has a distinctively feminine ter- 
mination. 

Verbs. 

§ 46. If the future kal is middle a, the imperative is middle 
a. 

[(a) The imperative of each species is from the 
primitive form of its respective future by dropping the 
prefix of the future, and the future is from the infini- 
tive construct by prefixing *i, and contracting, if neces- 
sary.] 

§ 47. Verbs ayin guttural, lamedh guttural, and lamedh 
aleph have middle a in the future and imperative kal. 

§ 48. In verbs lamedh guttural, tsere before the guttural is 
changed to pattahh, except in the infinitive absolute 
and participle, and in pause. 



14 

§ 49. In verbs pe nun — 

(a) When the nun is pointed with silent sh'va, the 
nun is usually dropped, and the next letter takes da- 
ghesh to compensate. 

(b) The nun of the kal imperative is usually dropped 
if middle a, very seldom if middle o. 

(c) Nun is dropped in kal infinitive construct of but 
few verbs, and then the infinitive takes the feminine 
termination ft, and is of segholate formation. 

§ 50. In verbs ayin ayin and usually in verbs ayin vav, when 
the first radical is pointed with sh'va, by way of con- 
traction the second radical may disappear, and its 
vowel be given to the first. 

§ 51. In verbs ayin ayin and ayin vav, the preformative usu- 
ally takes a long vowel in the future kal, preterite 
niphal, and throughout hiphil and hophal (when not 
affected by the shifting of the tone; but, when so 
affected, the vowel is dropped, if mutable). 

§ 52. In verbs ayin ayin, before an affix beginning with a 
nun or tav, an epenthetic vowel is added — viz., ) in the 
preterite, i •.• in the future and imperative. 

(a) This usually occurs also in the future kal and 
preterites niphal and hiphil of verbs ayin vav. 

§ 53. 1. In verbs pe yodh, properly pe vav, there are two sub- 
divisions in kal future, imperative and infinitive con- 
struct. 

(a) In the first subdivision, the yodh of the root is 
dropped in these parts; the preformative of the future 
has tsere, and the infinitive construct has the ending 
ft, and is of segholate formation. 



15 

(b) In the second subdivision, the yodh of the root 
is retained in these parts, the future has middle a, and 
its preformative has khirik. 

2. The vav is restored in niphal, hiphal, and 
hophal. 

§ 54. 1. In verbs lamedh he, before an affix beginning with 
nun or tav, the original ' remains, but is quiescent. 
In the future and imperative, it quiesces in seghol; in 
the pret. kal, in khirik; in the pret. pual and hophal, 
in tsere; in the preterites of the other species, in khirik 
or tsere. 

2. Before an affix beginning with a vowel and before 
a suffix, the last radical and the preceding vowel usu- 
ally fall away; as also pj v of nouns drops out before 
affixes and suffixes. 

§ 55. 1. A future whose last vowel is i or u is apocopated by 
a change to the corresponding diphthongal vowel. 

2. The future apocopated is not used with additions 
at the end. 

§ 56. By examining the verb katal it is seen that the addi- 
tion of an incomplete syllable as affix (except in hiphil) 
causes the middle radical to lose its vowel. 

(a) But if this vowel is capable of taking the tone, a 
pause accent preserves it and lengthens it, if short. 

§ 57. Before additions, primitive forms are often restored. 
In particular, before suffixes the primitive forms of 
verbs are restored. 

Adjectives. 

§58. As regards the order of subject and predicate (e. g., in 
such a sentence as —The boy is good), the general rule 
is that the more emphatic word precedes. Hence, u, 



16 

predicate adjective (because usually regarded as more 
emphatic than the subject) usually precedes the subject. 

§ 59. A qualifying adjective follows its noun, and takes the 
article if the noun is definite. 

§ 60. The force of the infinitive, imperative, and participle 
are often carried on by the future or preterite. 

K'ki and K'thiv. 

§61. Hebrew manuscripts were originally written with con- 
sonants only, without any Masoretic points. This 
writing was called the K'thiv — i. e., written. Another 
name for it is the Text. In most cases the text is pro- 
nounced with the Masoteric points attached to it. The 
masoretic points are the vowels, daghesh forte, daghesh 
lene, the diacritic point, mappik, and raphe. 

When the Masorites thought an emendation neces- 
sary, as they did not dare to disturb the text, they 
usually placed a circle over the word in question, and 
placed in the margin the consonants of the word which 
they proposed to substitute. This marginal reading is 
called the K'ri — i. e., read. It is pronounced with 
the Masoretic points attached to, but not belonging to, 
the Text. How the K'thiv or word in the Text is to 
be pronounced is not indicated. The points proper 
for its pronounciation must be supplied from one's 
knowledge of the language. 

Note that the word in the Text pronounced with the 
Masoretic points there attached to it is usually no part 
of speech, but a mere mixture of K'ri and K'thiv. 

Note also that the distinction between K'ri and 
K'thiv may be, 1st, in. both consonants and Masoretic 
points; 2d, in consonants only, or, 3d, in Masoretic 
points only. 



17 



§62. SOME PRIMITIVE FORMS. 



1. 


Id ••■ 


2. 


onx) ips of pg 


3. 


"?Bj? of ^j> 


4. 


(ni?©f?) nbe.g of rtef? 


5. 


"»^5j? Of fl^pg 


6. 


Din"?e>f? of b^oj? 


7. 


te^ of bop: 


8. 


$8$ of ^j 


9. 


bBj2 of 'PBp 


10. 


yiBjjg of ^opn 


11. 


nDID of ilDID (of- 4 of this table.) 



18 



DEVELOPMENTS. 



63. In developing a form proceed from left to right. 

(a) In developing a verb follow the analogy of 7^(5 

- It 
so far as to obtain the simplest form of the tense or 

mode in question — i. e., the 3d sing. masc. (in the 
imperative, the 2d sing. masc.). To obtain the re- 
maining persons and number, make the proper addi- 
tions to the form thus obtained — e. g., to develop the 
hiph. pret. 2d plur. masc. of 23D we do no ^ begin by 
writing down Or^CDD!"! f° r guidance, but start with 
its simplest form— i. e., the 3d sing. masc. ^^pH 
Following the analogy of this we have 3^3DH Ap- 
plying the proper principles we obtain 2DH Now 
adding Qfi and applying the proper principles we 

get Dflabq 

(b) In developing a noun, indicate what is involved, 
leaving blanks to be filled in reverse order — e. g., let 
us assume the form *"P3 to be a noun meaning horse, 

T T 

then indicating what according to rules is involved, 
we have the following to obtain my mares. 

1 plur. fern, with light suffix; 

2 est. plur. fern.; 

3 abs. plur. fern.; 

4 abs. sing. masc. 

Then starting with the last (which is given, viz. 
"1/3 we fi^ U P ^ ne D l an ^ s m reverse order — i. e., from 

T T 

below up. The numbers indicate the order of the steps. 



19 

1 plur. fern, with light suffix, " 1 Ji*lb3 4 

2 est. plur. fern., . . . fi*T?3 & 

3 abs. pi. fern., . . . . fil^S 2 

t : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . . \?3 1 



EXAMPLES IN DEVELOPMENTS. 

Nouks. 
Assuming 172 to be a noun, meaning horse, de- 

T T 

velop the following: 

64. My horse. This involves the following steps: 

1 sing. masc. with light suffix, ^73 3. § 44. 

•t : 

2 abs. pi. masc., . . Q'H^ 2. § 38 (b). 

•t : 

3 abs. sing, masc, . \?3 1- 

T T 

65. My horses. 

1 pi. masc. with light suffix, l^pj 3. § 44. 

-t : 

2 abs. pi. masc, . . D"H^3 2. § 38 (*)• 

• t : 

3 abs. sing, masc, . \73 !• 

TT 

66. Your horse. 

1 sing. masc. with grave, 03*03 3. § 42. 

2 est. sing, masc, . . T?3 2 - § ^ ( a ) & (^) 

3 abs. sing, masc, . i?3 *• 

TT 




20 

§ 67. Your horses. 

1 pi. masc. with grave suffix, □b^'1/3 4. § 42. 

2 est. pi. masc. "H 1 ^ 3. § 35, 1 (a) & § 40 Kern. 

CH 1 ??); §40(£) 

3 abs. pi. masc., . . D'HbS 2 - § 38 ( b ) 

■t : 

4 abs. sing, masc., . . "D3 1- 

T T 

§ 68. My mare. 

1 sing. fern, with light suffix, Tn*?3 4. § 43.* 

2 est. sing, fern., . . p|r;^3 3. § 35, 1 (a) 

(nib) § 40 a*) 

3 abs. sing, fern., . . fH^D 2 - § 38 W 

tt : 

4 abs. sing, masc., . . *"J73 1. 

T T 

§ 69. My mares. 

1 pi. fern, with light suffix, IpTi^S 4. §43. 

2 est. pi. fern., . fH^S 3. §35, 1 (a) &§40, Rem. 

(nnj??) § 40 (») 

3 abs. pi. fern., . . FH^3 2. § 38 (4) 

t : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . *"|73 1- 

TT 

* Tone by § 18, hence kamets by § 7 (a). 






21 
§ 70. Your mare. 

1 sing. fern, with grave suffix, Q3n* r D3 4. § 42. 

2 est. siug. fern., . . . rH^3 3. § 35, 1 («) 

(rife) § ^o (j) 

3 abs. sing, fern., . . . ftl^S 2 - § 38 ( 5 ) 

tt : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . 1/3 1- 

T T 

§ 71. Your mares. 

1 pi. fern, with grave suffix, DD'AT /3 *■ § ^2. 

2 est. pi. fern., 0*1 /@ 3. § 35, 1 («) & § 40, Rem. 

(fin 1 ??) § 40 w 

3 abs. pi. fern., . . . fn^3 2 - § 38 (&)• 

t : 

4 abs. sing, masc., . . . "1/3 1. 



T T 



§ 72. My twin horses. 

1 dual masc. with light suffix, i-p3 3. § 45. 



"t : 

/ 



2 abs. dual masc., . . ffH^S & § 38 (6). 

• ™r : 

3 abs. sing, masc, . "1/3 !• 

T T 

§ 73. Your twin horses. 

1 dual masc with grave suffix, D3"H^3 ^ § 42. 

2 est. dual masc, "H^S 3. § 35, 1 (a) & §40, Rem. 









22 










<rfy» 


§ 40 (b). 


3 abs. 


dual 


masc., 




§ 38 (b). 


4 abs. 


sing. 


masc, . 


TT 




§ 74. My twin mares. 






1 dual fern. 


with light 


suffix, ->n^^3 ±. 

~ t: • 


§45. 


2 abs. 


dual fern., 


• Dl6^?3-§35,1(4- 

(D 1 ^"!^) § 38, Bern. 1 & (b). 

' ~ t: : 


3 abs. 


sing. 


fern. pr. foi 


tt : 


-t : 


4 abs. 


sing. 


masc, . 


. -1^3 1. 

T T 





§ 75. Your twin mares, 

■ave suffix, o3\ 

/ 



1 dual fern, with grave suffix, DO^n^/3 5 - §42. 



2 est. dual fern., . . . ^^3 4. § 40(5). 

3 abs. dual fern., . . DTl^S 3 - §35 1(a). 

(D:6^3)§ 38 ^ Rem - 1& W 

4 abs. sing. fern. pr. form, (m^3» § 38, 5), rH^3 2. 

tt : — r ; 

5 abs. sing, masc., . . . H/3 1. 

T T 

Segholates. 

Assuming the form *p3 with primitive vowel 
pattahh to mean horse, develop the following. 



23 



§ 76. My horse. 

1 sing. masc. with light suffix, 1^2 2. § 37 (a) & E. 1. 

2 primitive form, . . T\ 73 1. 

§ 77. My horses. 



1 pi. masc, with light suffix, *H 73 3. § 44. 



tT 



2 abs. pi. masc., . . D^S 2. § 36. 

■t : 

3 abs. sing, masc, . *P3 1- 
§ 78. Your horse. 

1 sing. masc. with grave suffix, 33^73 2. § 37 (a) & 

Rem. 1 

2 primitive form, . . . ^3 1. 

§ 79. Your horses. 

1 pi. masc. with grave suffx, 03^*173 4. § 42. 

2 est. pi. masc, ("H^S § 40 > &), "H*?3 3. § 35, 1 (c), 

and § 40, Bern. 

3 abs. pi. masc. and pr. form, 0*H^3 2. § 36. ^73 

•t : : : - 

4 abs. sing masc, . . . *P3 1. 
§ 80. My mare. 

1 sing. fern, with light suffix, ^n*H /3 4. § 43. 

• t : - 

2 est. sing, fern., . . rH^3 3. § 40. 

3 abs. sing, fern., m!?3 2 - § 37 (Z>) & Rem. 1. 

4 primitive form, . . . ^3 1. 




24 
§ 81. My mares. 

1 pi. fern, with light suffix, ifTl^S 4 - § 43 « 

2 est. pi. fern., (fin 1 ?? §40, I) fi^ 3. § 35, 1 (c), 

and § 40, Eem. 

3 abs. pi. fern, and pr. form, Fn^3 2. § 36 - 1^3 

t : :: - 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . *"P3 I. 



§ 82. Your mare. 

1 sing. fern, with grave suffix, C^HI^S 4. § ^2. 



2 est. sing, fern., . 


• • nfe 3. § 40. 


3 abs. sing, fern., 


ni^3 3 - § 37 (J), & Bern. 1 
t : - 


4 primitive form, 


• • • i^i. 



§ 83. Your mares. 

1 pi. fern, with grave suffix, DD^ril /3 4- 

2 est. pi. fern. (fH^ § 40, b) fn*?3 3. § 35, 1 (c), 

and § 40, Rem. 
4 abs. pi. fern, and pr. form, fnb? 2 - § 36 - "1^3 

4 abs. sing, masc., . . . ""I /3 !• 
§ 84. My twin horses. 

1 dual masc. with light suffix, ^ 73 3 - § 45. 

2 abs. dual masc., D^^3 2 - § 37 (^) & Rem - 1 - 

3 pr. form., . . . ^3 1. 



25 

§85. 1. Your twin horses. 

1 dual masc. with grave suffix, 03^/3 4. § 42. 

2 est. dual masc, . . irj^J 3. § 40 & § 37 (c). 

3 abs. dual masc. and pr. form, 0^73 2. § 37 (d), 

and Rem., ^P3 

4 pr. form, ..... ^P3 1. 

2. If the absolute dual have pretonic kamets, as it 
sometimes has § 36, the development is as follows: 

1 dual masc. with grave suffix, □ 3" l *"l73 4. § 42. 

2 est. dual masc, 0H^3 § 40 (b), & Rem.) ^3 3 - 

§ 37 (c), and § 35, 1 (c). 

3 abs. dual masc. and pr. form, Q"H"?3 %• § 36, ^"P3 

• -t : : : ~ 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . . *P3 1- 



§86. My twin mares. 

1 dual fern, with light suffix, ^rH^3 4 - § 45. 

~ t : ~ 

2 abs. dual fern., . . ffTH^S 3 - § 38 > Rem * 1 - 

• - t : - 

3 abs. sing. fern. pr. form., (rPl^S § 37, b) H^lbS 2 - 

t : - ~: ~ 

4 pr. form, .... -}~>3 1. 



26 
§ 87. Your twin mares. 

1 dual fern, with grave suffix, Ql^rn^J 5. §42. 

2 dual fern, est., . . TH^S 4 - § 40, (J). 

3 abs. dual fern., . . QTll^S 3 - § 38 > Rem - 1 

• - t : - 

4 abs. sing. fern. pr. form, (m^D § 37 b) rn*?3 2 - 

t: - - : ~ 

5 pr. form, .... ^03 1. 

Verbs. 

With suffixes, see § 57. 

§ 8S. To develop )hgSQ From § 62, 3, we have ^ftf) 

t I : >/ ~ I : 

Adding !);-| and connecting vowel of pret. VPCDD' 

./ t-|: 

Tone by § 20. By § 7 we have In 7EDD> which by 

. .t/ TT ' : 
contraction becomes (a + u = o) i^JjQp 

§ 89. To develop H^CDD From § 62 > 3 > we have ^CDD 

tt|: »/ "I: 

Adding H and connecting vowel of pret. j-pGDD* Tone 

t ,/ t t -| : 

by § 20. By § 7, we have H/DD To avoid the re- 

t t t): 
currence of so many successive "a" sounds, the last 

one is dropped, and a mappik is placed in j-| to in- 
dicate its character as a consonant H^Op 
§ 90. To develop ^R^JJD From § 62 > 3 > we liave btQD 
Adding f) - the old femine termination J^/CDp § ^2, 
4. Tone by § 19 (a). Adding !)j"| and accenting by 
§ 20, lengthening vowel of ft by § 7, inn^COD which 
by contraction becomes rf ^7ftp 



27 
§ 91. To develop QH^D B J § 62 ' 3 > we have ^EDP 

- tt I: - I: 

which by the addition of the old femine ending p - 

becomes H7Qp § ^2, 4. On addding the suffix Q, 

the question arises whether to use a or a as the union 
vowel. Now in either case we should have a " Defect- 
ive addition " to a verb as suffix, which by § 19 (&),- 
draws the tone forward one syllable. This, by § 7, ex- 
cludes kamets from being the union vowel. Hence we 

have QnScOD which by § 7 (b), becomes DH^COD 
- - t I: /. - t t |: 

§ 92. To develop \^fVpBp B y § 62 > 5 > we haYe 

Ifi^j? Adding «»J gives vpF^pjj 

§ 93. To develop ^p^Ep B y § 62 >' 6 > we Lave D^I^tSD 
Adding ij and rejecting Q for euphony, ^R/COp 

§ 94. To develop *hl£p Starting with ^ftp (inf. est), 

and adding 1 . we have, after the analogy of § 56, 

^/COp By § 35, 1 (c), on account of the ce o" sound 

which was dropped, we have ^^p, the first syllable 

• : )t 
being intermediate. See § 2. 

Veebs Pe Guttueal. 

§ 95. A guttural prefers a compound to a simple sh'va, 
and in particular - : unless there is a reason for pre- 
ferring some other compound sh'va. Of course such a 
reason exists when the sh'va should conform with an 
"e" or "o" sound. 

§ 96. To develop "HDJp After the analogy of ^ftp we 
should have *i(bj? which by § 95, becomes "iDV Add- 



28 

ing 1 . we have by § 56 "HOtf which by § 35, 1 (b), 
becomes l*10y (the first syllable intermediate). 

§ 97. To develop HOST After the analogy of ^QCP 
(§ 62, ?) we should have iftjp which by § 95, be- 
comes ^IftJP which by § 35, 2, becomes "i]3]p 
methegh by § 9 (c). The first syllable is intermediate. 
Adding ), by § 56, we have ! HEJp which by § 35, 3 
(l), becomes ^DIP ^ ne ^ rs ^ ^ w0 syllables are in- 
termediate. 

§ 98. To develop rnDBJ After the analogy of ^gjpj 
§ 62, 8, we should have T^JJJ which by § 95, and 
§ 35, 2, would become *"|£yj But as the recurrence 
of so many successive "a" sounds is avoided when 
they are not essential, v : is used, being the next com- 
pound sh'va akin to - : We thus have *1DV^ Adding 
\ by § 56 we have HDV-jI which bv § 35,' 3 (&), be- 
comes 'npyj 

§ 99. To develop rnDlH After tne analogy of ^ftpn 
t : "tit - I: t 

we would have *l6]jn By § 95, the sh'va conforming 

with the short "o" sound, we have *"inyn Adding 

/ - t:it 

H we have by § 56 rnDtfH which by § 35, 3 (b) 

t t : t:It 

becomes ri'lDWl 

t : TIT 



29 



Verbs Ayin Guttural. 

/ 

l! 



100. To develop *>|pn&tf Following the analogy of 71QD 
in its first vowel, but § 47 in the vowel of its middle 
radical, we have COn^' Adding 1 . and applying § 56, 
we have ^fl^ which by § 35, 2, becomes ^COnt^/ 

101. To develop 7H3 By analogy of 7J2p we should 
have 71*H2 trat owing to the inability of —\ to take 



daghesh forte khirik is lengthened, and by § 31 (a) 

/ 
becomes tsere, thus giving 



Verbs Pe Nun. 
§ 102. To develop fc^n By analogy of ^Bpp| we should 

have {^^jn which by § 49 (a) becomes £^i"| anc ^ 
-:t j -t 

this by § 31 (c) becomes B^H 

Verbs Ayin Doubled. 

§ 103. To develop DH12D By analogy of ^ftp (§ 62, 3), 
we should have 22D which by § 50, becomes 30 
Adding QJ"j, and ) by § 52, and inserting daghesh on 
account of the omitted 3 we have DH13D 

§ 104. To develop ^200 % analogy of ^D* 1 (§ 62, 
7), we should have 3!Z1D ,, which by § 50 becomes 
3D* 1 and this ^D* 1 (pretonic kamets). Attaching the 

• T / 

proper prefix and affix we have HJiDH which by §52, 

t : t 
becomes nj^Dfi Applying § 31 (c) and dropping 



30 
pretonic kamets, because ft is no longer before the 
tone, we have nj^SDR 

t 7: \ : 

. / i / 

105. To develop O iSDH By analogy of ^"'COpH we 

should have ySDH which by § 50 becomes y DH 

which by § 31 (b) (2 being a doubled consonant 

here), becomes 3QH and this by § t> DDH Adding 

f), applying § 52, accenting and applying § 31 (c) 

and § 23, we have 0*30*1 

t •-: L / 

106. To develop 3D1H By analogy of 7^pn we should 

- I: t / 
have 33DH which by § 50 becomes 2DH and 

- : t - t 

this by § 7 becomes 2D1H 



Verbs Pe Yodh (Ph. Pe Vav). 

§ 107. To develop ^gf^J After analogy of h\DDl (§ 62 > 
8), we have ^g*lj By § 35, 1 (a) we should expect 
3£?U But as i an{ ^ u ( tne u being represented here 
by the semi-vowel vav) cannot combine § 31, and i is 
not here an essential or characteristic vowel, but only 
an accidental or auxiliary vowel, while pattahh, the 
next shortest vowel, can combine with u, therefore 
pattahh is substituted as the auxiliary vowel, thus giv- 
ing 2£^J, then by combination 3^*13 

§ 108. To develop ^^'IH B y analogy of ^DH we 
/ - - I: t 

should have 3^1*1 By the quiescence of vav in the 

- :t / 

"o" sound we have 3&^in which by § 7 becomes 



awn 



31 
Verbs Lamedh He. 

§ 109. To develop Ij'pjj By analogy of ">CDD we should have 

1/ T ~' T 

^73 its primitive form. Adding ), and applying § 56, 

we have V?} (tone by § 19 (a) and § 4 (a) and (£),) 

which by § 54, 2, becomes JJpjJ 

T 

Note that if the word were milel it would be the 
same part of the root 7^ or 7^3 The singular being 
73 the addition of ) disturbing no vowels leaves the 
tone where it was, thus IJ7JJ 
§ 110. To develop 731 After the analogy of "JjiQpi except 
that these verbs are properly middle a, we have "^Jp 
which by combination, § 31 (i being represented here 
by the semi -vowel yodh), becomes H^" 1 >H being a 
mere quiescent. Apocopating gives us 73") which 
by § 31 (b) may become *?jp Giving it a helping 
vowel it becomes 7^ Tone by § 5 (I)). 



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